Property:Def
From FANTOM5_SSTAR
The type of this property is text
0
"Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism." [CARO:0000032, CARO:MAH, Wikipedia:Body_part] +
"Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue." [CARO:MAH] +
"Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo." [CARO:MAH] +
"Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships." [CARO:0000043, CARO:MAH, FMA:9637] +
"Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue." [CARO:0000054, CARO:MAH] +
"Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types." [CARO:0000055, CARO:MAH] +
"Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]." [CARO:MAH, Wikipedia:Epithelium] +
"Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells." [CARO:MAH, Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium] +
"Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]" [CARO:MAH, FMA:FMA, Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium] +
"Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]" [CARO:MAH, FMA:FMA, Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium] +
"Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]" [CARO:MAH, FMA:45565, Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium] +
"Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers." [CARO:MAH] +
"Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]" [CARO:MAH, FMA:45561] +
"A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere." [GOC:tfm, MESH:A.11.329.830] +
"A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors." [MESH:A.05.360.319.114.630.535.200] +
"A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin." [MESH:A.03.492.766.440.175] +
"An epithelial cell found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) including the appendix. Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. Numerous in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts, particularly in the duodenum, rich in zinc, contain large acidophilic granules, with irregular apical microvilli and prominent membrane-bound vacuoles containing matrix." [GOC:tfm, ISBN:0517223651, MESH:A.03.492.411.369.700] +
"A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell." [GOC:tfm, MESH:A.11.635.470] +
"A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes." [GOC:tfm, MESH:A.11.635.510, MESH:D032390] +
"The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system." [MESH:A.08.663, MESH:D009474] +
"A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell." [GOC:tfm, SANBI:mhl] +
"A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin." [GOC:add, ISBN:0683073696, ISBN:0781735149] +
"An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers." [ISBN:0721601464, MESH:A.11.118.290.350.200, PMID:1638021] +
"A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers." [GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721601464] +
"A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers." [ISBN:0721601464] +
"The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated." [ISBN:0721601464] +
"The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative)." [GOC:dsd, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721601464] +
"A giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow; mature blood platelets are released from its cytoplasm." [ISBN:0721601464, MESH:D008533] +
"A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata-1, Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:amm, GOC:dsd, GOC:tfm, http://www.copewithcytokines.de, ISBN:0721601464, MESH:D055014, PMCID:PMC2213186, PMCID:PMC548021, PMID:16551251] +
"An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, PMID:15946868, PMID:2037622] +
"A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules." [GOC:tfm, http://www.clt.astate.edu/wwilliam/, ISBN:0721601464] +
"A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium." [GOC:dsd, GOC:tfm, PMID:12768659] +
"A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. This cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell." [GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721662544, MESH:A.11.070] +
"Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells." [GO_REF:0000031, http://www.clt.astate.edu/wwilliam/, MESH:A.11.118.637.555.652] +
"A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure." [FB:ma, ReO:mhb] +
"An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen." [SANBI:mhl] +
"A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated." [MESH:A.08.663.650.250.250] +
"An elongated, spindle-shaped, quiescent myoblast that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fibres. They are thought to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration." [GOC:tfm, MESH:A.11.635.500.700] +
"A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus)." [GOC:tfm, http://www.copewithcytokines.de] +
"A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:15771571] +
"A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A treatment whereinfectious agents, or compunds derived frmo infectious agents, are administered." [GOC:tfm] +
"A cell involved in transporting nutrients, minerals, water, gases and other chemicals between cells for a variety of purposes including conveying nutrition to other tissues, removing waste products from the tissues, conveying gases for respiration, distributing heat and repelling invasion of foreign substances." [TAIR:sr] +
"A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver." [GOC:dsd, MESH:D055166, PMID:12808230, PMID:17239632, PMID:18222966, PMID:9302568] +
"A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries." [GOC:tfm, http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key +
"The cell characteristic of an organ, as distinguished from associated connective or supporting tissues." [ISBN:0471245208] +
"An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells." [GOC:dsd, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721662544, MESH:D020286, PMID:16807374, PMID:17986482, PMID:20024907] +
"Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules." [JB:jb] +
"An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes." [GOC:jb, GOC:tfm] +
"A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system inside the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction providing chemical and physical support to the synapse." [JB:jb, PMID:16136171] +
"Stromal cell that forms the internal covering of the vertebrate brain and produces ECM for this and the choroid plexus." [JB:jb] +
"Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest." [GOC:tfm, http://63.198.234.228/OpenFMA/Neurecto-epithelial%20cell.html] +
"A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line." [GO:0048103] +
"A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria." [GOC:tfm, MA:ma] +
"Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres." [GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721662544] +
"An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:978-0-323-05290-0] +
"Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei." [GOC:mtg_cardiacconduct_nov11, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0323052908] +
"A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage." [GOC:add] +
"A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm] +
"A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers." [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464, PMID:18174176] +
"Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive." [GOC:add, GOC:amm, GOC:dsd, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721601464, MESH:D001491, PMCID:PMC2626675, PMID:11927641, PMID:19741522, PMID:21236338, PMID:9933081] +
"Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive." [GOC:add, GOC:amm, GOC:dsd, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721601464, PMCID:PMC2626675, PMID:10914487, PMID:1662676] +
"Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes." [GOC:add, GOC:amm, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721601464] +
"A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection." [GOC:add, GOC:dsd, PMCID:PMC2118448, PMCID:PMC538703, PMID:15549123, PMID:17332250, PMID:17850486, PMID:20304825] +
"A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:19464985] +
"A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-positive, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:pam, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add] +
"An immature B cell is a precursor B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:rhs, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:rhs, GOC:tfm] +
"An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12810111] +
"A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html, PMID:11861604] +
"A lymphoid progenitor cell that is committed to the natural killer cell lineage, expressing CD122 (IL-15) receptor, but lacking many of the phenotypic characteristics of later stages of natural killer cell development such as expression of NK activating and inhibitory molecules. In human this cell has the phenotype CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD10-positive, CD117-negative, and CD161 negative." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:pam, PMID:11532393, PMID:12457618, PMID:15032583, PMID:15766674] +
"A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149, PMID:12633665] +
"A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage." [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149] +
"A progenitor cell of the mast cell lineage. Markers for this cell are FceRIa-low, CD117-positive, CD9-positive, T1/ST2-positive, SCA1-negative, and lineage-negative." [GOC:add, GOC:dsd, http://www.copewithcytokines.de, PMCID:PMC1183570, PMCID:PMC1312421, PMID:8629001, PMID:9354811] +
"The most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, having fine, evenly distributed chromatin, several nucleoli, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration (5:1-7:1), and a nongranular basophilic cytoplasm. They reside in the bone marrow." [GOC:add, http://www.cap.org, ISBN:0721601464] +
"A precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and myelocyte, that has distinct nucleoli, a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of 5:1 to 3:1, and containing a few primary cytoplasmic granules. Markers for this cell are fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, integrin alpha-M-negative, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-negative, and CD24-negative." [GOC:add, GOC:amm, GOC:tfm, http://www.cap.org, ISBN:0721601464] +
"A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, PMID:19022770] +
"An immature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by high levels of antigen uptake via endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and typically found resident in the tissues. Markers for this cell are CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHC-II-low." [GOC:add, GOC:tfm, PMID:9521319] +
"Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system." [SANBI:mhl] +
"A type of monocyte that responds rapidly to microbial stimuli by secreting cytokines and antimicrobial factors. This cell type is characterized by high expression of CCR2 in both rodents and humans, and of being larger size than non-classical monocytes." [GO_REF:0000031, PMID:16322748, PMID:18303997, PMID:20628149, PMID:20870168] +
"A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:ana, PMID:19770654] +
"Subset of monocytes characterized by low expression of CCR2, low responsiveness to monocyte chemoattractant CCL2/MCP1, low phagocytic activity, but increased co-stimulatory activity. May also play a role in tissue repair." [GO_REF:0000031, PMID:16322748, PMID:18303997, PMID:20628149, PMID:20870168] +
"A tissue-resident macrophage found in the central nervous system." [GO_REF:0000031, PMID:16322748] +
"An immature T cell located in the thymus." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, PMID:12415312] +
"A pro-T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-negative." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm] +
"An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html, PMID:19100699] +
"A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:pam] +
"CD4-positive, alpha-beta long-lived T cell with the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122- high." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, http://www.immgen.org/index_content.html, ISBN:0781735149] +
"Mature T cell not yet exposed to antigen with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:pam, GOC:tfm, PMID:19100699] +
"A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response." [GOC:PAM-ADD, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0877799148, PMID:18395547] +
"An immature alpha-beta T-cell that express Egr2. These cells give rise to T cells expressing NK markers." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:pam, GOC:tfm, PMID:17589542, PMID:19169262] +
"Organismal subdivision of body that lies between the head and the abdomen [Wikipedia]." [Wikipedia:Thorax] +
"In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity." [Wikipedia:Abdomen] +
"A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish [GO]." [GO:0042600, Wikipedia:Chorion_(egg)] +
"Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant." [BTO:0000379, FB:FBrf0039741, FB:FBrf0041814, GO:0009790, Wikipedia:Embryo] +
"A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm." [Wikipedia:Germ_layer] +
"Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue." [Wikipedia:Ectoderm] +
"Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut." [Wikipedia:Endoderm] +
"The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm." [Wikipedia:Mesoderm] +
"Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth[ZFA]. In humans, a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane. This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx[WP]. The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm[FBbt]." [Wikipedia:Stomodeum] +
"Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage[ZFA]. A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall[WP]." [Wikipedia:Proctodeum] +
"A tissue in the larva which gives rise to the adult external cuticle." [FB:gg, Wikipedia:Imaginal_disc] +
"Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]." [ISBN:0471209627, Wikipedia:Optic_nerve, ZFIN:curator] +
"A lymphocyte of B lineage is a lymphocyte that expresses CD19 on the cell surface. An additional defining characteristic is the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:rhs, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0781735149] +
"An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium." [ISBN10:0073040584, UBERON:cjm, Wikipedia:Stomach] +
"A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:tfm, ISBN:0721601464, ISBN:0781735149] +
"Flap of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles." [Wikipedia:Cardiac_valve] +
"Artery carrying blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation" [Wikipedia:Aorta] +
"a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]." [Wikipedia:Heart] +
"Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity." [NLM:endocrine+system, Wikipedia:Endocrine_system] +
"A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:rhs, GOC:tfm, PMID:9785673] +
"A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:rhs, GOC:tfm, PMID:9785673] +
"The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]." [Wikipedia:Brain] +
"The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2遯ｶ�4 mm (0.08遯ｶ�0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex] +
"Middle part of an organ (as opposed to the cortex)[WP]." [Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary] +
"transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power." [Wikipedia:Cornea] +
"Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina." [Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)] +
"The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates." [Wikipedia:Retina, ZFIN:curator] +
"An organ that detects light." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye, UBERON:cjm, Wikipedia:Eye] +
"Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck[FMA]." [Wikipedia:Neck] +
"The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod." [Wikipedia:Leg#Limb] +
"An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:msz, GOC:tfm, PMCID:PMC2673126] +
"The femur, or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the body) bone of the leg in vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles such as lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs, the femur is found only in the rear legs. Some species of whales[1], snakes[2], and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the Eusthenopteron, a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period." [Wikipedia:Femur] +
"Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]." [VSAO:0000101, Wikipedia:Joint] +
"A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc." [FB:gg] +
"Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]." [FMA:67943, Wikipedia:Pons] +
"The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Penis] +
"Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:amm, PMID:17850486] +
"Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction." [Wikipedia:Reproductive_system] +
"Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis)." [ISBN:0140512888, Wikipedia:Gonad, ZFA:0000413, ZFIN:curator] +
"passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body[Wikipedia:Oviduct]." [Wikipedia:Oviduct] +
"a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]." [Wikipedia:Uterus] +
"a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA]" [FMA:19949, Wikipedia:Vagina] +
"Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct." [BTO:0001234, Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle] +
"duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is from the epididymis." [Wikipedia:Vas_deferens] +
"The outer layer of the skin[WP]. cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm[ZFA]." [ISBN10:0073040584, Wikipedia:Epidermis_(skin)] +
"Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.." [Wikipedia:Respiratory_system] +
"Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes." [FB:gg, NLM:alimentary+system, Wikipedia:Digestive_system\,] +
"The excretory system is the system of an organism that mainly performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by the processes that maintain homeostasis." [BILA:0000015, Wikipedia:Excretory_system] +
"organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]." [Wikipedia:Circulatory_system] +
"Dense irregular connective tissue, which predominantly consists of adipocytes. Fat is stored in adipose tissue." [NLM:adipose+tissue, Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue] +
"CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a Langerhans_cell that is CD1a-positive and CD324-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:amm, PMID:17850486] +
"Immature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:amm, GOC:tfm, PMID:17850486] +
"a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself[Wikipedia]." [ISBN:0-14-051288-8, ISBN:3110148986, NLM:nervous+system, WB:rynl, Wikipedia:Nervous_system, ZFIN:curator] +
"The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord[GO]. The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system[XAO]. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]." [FB:gg, ISBN:3110148986, NLM:central+nervous+system, Wikipedia:Central_nervous_system, ZFIN:curator] +
"A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]." [http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html] +
"White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord[NIF]. The transverse connection between two longitudinal parts, e.g. nerves, tracheae. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting the same neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]." [http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html, ISBN:3110148986, Wikipedia:Commissure] +
"an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons [wikipedia]. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons[ZFA]. Segment of neural tree organ which has as its parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree. Examples: chorda tympani, digastric branch of facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, posterior cutaneous branch of posterior ramus of cervical nerve, superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm[FMA]." [FMA:65132, Wikipedia:Nervous_system, ZFA:0007009, ZFIN:curator] +
"CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell that is CD34-positive, CD90-positive, and CD133-positive." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:add, GOC:amm, GOC:tfm, PMID:10430905, PMID:11750107, PMID:16551251, PMID:20024907, PMID:9389721] +
"Common dendritic precursor is a hematopoietic progenitor cell that is CD117-low, CD135-positive, CD115-positive and lacks plasma membrane parts for hematopoietic lineage markers." [GO_REF:0000031, GOC:amm, GOC:tfm, PMID:16551251, PMID:17922016, PMID:19286519] +
"Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information." [Wikipedia:Sensory_system] +
"A cell that has been removed from a natural environment, and placed in a controlled artificial environment for use in some investigation. Includes multicellular organism cells removed from an organism, and unicellular organisms removed from a natural environment." [ReO:mhb] +
"Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm[WP]." [Wikipedia:Foregut] +
"Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynyx and lungs. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH]. Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA]." [Wikipedia:Pharynx] +
"Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993)." [http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/, Wikipedia:Esophagus] +
"saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research[WP]." [GO:0007431, Wikipedia:Salivary_gland] +
"Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine." [GO:0007494, Wikipedia:Midgut] +
"Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt]. An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ." [BTO:0001886, FB:DJS, FB:FBrf0089570, FB:FBrf0178740, Wikipedia:Primordium] +
"In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Neural_tube] +
"the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus[WP]." [BTO:0001158, Wikipedia:Rectum] +
"Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species." [CARO:MAH, FMA:62955] +
"A pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of two successive vertebral centra which has nucleus pulposus at its core." [ISBN10:0073040584, Wikipedia:Intervertebral_disk] +
"The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: brachial lymph nodes (or 'lateral') pectoral axillary lymph nodes (or 'anterior') subscapular axillary lymph nodes (or 'posterior') central lymph nodes apical lymph nodes (or 'medial' or 'subclavicular') [WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_node, Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_nodes] +
"The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]." [GO:0060539, Wikipedia:Thoracid_diaphragm] +
"Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body." [https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func +
"The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]." [Wikipedia:Parathyroid_gland] +
"Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]. Striated muscle tissue under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers. These fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts. The myofibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils repeated as a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the cell and responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and forming the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction. The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue[WP]." [Wikipedia:Skeletal_striated_muscle] +
"Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae." [Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue] +
"Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri)." [Wikipedia:Mesothelium] +
"The dorsal part of an animal, which in vertebrares includes the vertebral column. [cjm]." [Dorsum_(anatomy), UBERONREF:0000006] +
"Pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction." [Wikipedia:Cecum] +
"Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix[FMA]. a narrowed, thickened, lymphoid-rich caecal apex [Fisher 2000]." [FMA:14542, Wikipedia:Vermiform_appendix] +
"Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. <a href +
"the triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel." [MP:0008992] +
"Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consists of the bile ducts[FMA]." [FMA:14665, Wikipedia:Biliary_tract] +
"a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi." [Wikipedia:Common_bile_duct] +
"The peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs." [Wikipedia:Visceral_peritoneum, ZFIN:curator] +
"Cavity of serous sac surrounded by the peritoneum.[FMA]" [FMA:FMA, Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity] +
"Region of parenchyma of kidney representing the outer portion.[FMA]" [FMA:FMA, Wikipedia:Renal_cortex] +
"In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types. Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms. Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries and the glomerulus. They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier. The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes. Podocytes have foot processes, pedicels, that wrap around glomerular capillaries. These pedicels interdigitate with pedicels of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits. The renal corpuscle filtration barrier is composed of: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. This barrier permits passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into Bowman's space (the space between the visceral and parietal layers). Large and/or negatively charged proteins are prevented from passing into Bowman's space, thus retaining these proteins in the circulation. The basal lamina is composed of 3 layers: lamina rara externa, lamina densa, and lamina rara interna. The lamina rara externa is adjacent to the podocyte processes. The lamina densa is the central layer consisting of type IV collagen and laminin. This layer acts as a selective macromolecular filter, preventing the passage of large protein molecules into Bowman's space. The lamina rara intena is adjacent to endothelial cells. This layer contains heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that contributes to the electrostatic barrier of the glomerular filter. There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole, and a urinary pole. The vascular pole is where the afferent and efferent arterioles communicate with the glomerulus. The urinary pole is where the corpuscle opens into the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule. Fluid from blood in the glomerulus is collected in the Bowman's capsule to form 'glomerular filtrate', which is then further processed along the nephron to form urine. [WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Renal_corpuscle]
"The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration. [WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Bowman%27s_capsule] +
"An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney." [GO:0072078, Wikipedia:Renal_tubule] +
"Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. [WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Adrenal_cortex] +
"The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]." [Wikipedia:Adrenal_medulla] +
"The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479)" [MESH:A.03.492.411.369] +
"Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the right and left ureters and distally with the urethra." [FMA:15900, Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder] +
"An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1遯ｶ�2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]." [GO:0031016, PMID:16417468, Wikipedia:Pancreas] +
"Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. <a href +
"Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers." [Wikipedia:Hepatic_sinusoid, ZFIN:curator] +
"The Canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver." [Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering] +
"The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP]" [PMID:9268568, Wikipedia:Nephron] +
"A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens." [Wikipedia:Epididymis] +
